« Back Journal of Dermatological Science

Article in Press

The effect of a low glycemic load diet on acne vulgaris and the fatty acid composition of skin surface triglycerides

  • Robyn N. Smith

      Affiliations

    • School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476V, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +61 3 9925 2720; fax: +61 3 9925 5241.
  • ,
  • Anna Braue

      Affiliations

    • Department of Dermatology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
  • ,
  • George A. Varigos

      Affiliations

    • Department of Dermatology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
    • Department of Dermatology, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia
  • ,
  • Neil J. Mann

      Affiliations

    • School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476V, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
    • Australian Technology Network, Centre for Metabolic Fitness, Australia

Received 7 May 2007 ,Revised 17 September 2007 ,Accepted 7 November 2007. Published online 12 July 2010 Corrected Proof

References 

  1. Rasmussen J. Diet and acne. Int J Dermatol. 1977;16:488–491
  2. Michaëlsson G. Diet and acne. Nutr Rev. 1981;39:104–106
  3. Harris H, Downing D, Stewart M, Strauss J. Sustainable rates of sebum secretion in acne patients and matched normal control subjects. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1983;8:200–203
  4. Downing D, Strauss J, Pochi P. Changes in skin surface lipid composition induced by severe caloric restriction in man. Am J Clin Nutr. 1972;25:365–367
  5. Pochi P, Downing D, Strauss J. Sebaceous gland response in man to prolonged total caloric deprivation. J Invest Dermatol. 1970;55:303–309
  6. Llewellyn A. Variations in the composition of the skin surface lipid associated with dietary carbohydrates. Proc Nutr Soc. 1967;26:11
  7. MacDonald I. Changes in the fatty acid composition of sebum associated with high carbohydrate diets. Nature. 1964;203:1067–1068
  8. MacDonald I. Dietary carbohydrates and skin lipids. Br J Dermatol. 1967;79:119–121
  9. Downing D, Strauss J, Pochi P. Variability in the chemical composition of human skin surface lipids. J Invest Dermatol. 1969;53:322–327
  10. Kellum R. Human sebaceous gland lipids. Arch Dermatol. 1967;95:218–220
  11. Greene R, Downing D, Pochi P, Strauss J. Anatomical variation in the amount and composition of human skin surface lipid. J Invest Dermatol. 1970;54:240–247
  12. Cassidy D, Lee C, Laker M, Kealey T. Lipogenesis in isolated human sebaceous glands. FEBS Lett. 1986;200:173–176
  13. Middleton B, Birdi I, Heffron M, Marsden J. The substrate determines the rate and pattern of neutral lipid synthesized by isolated human sebaceous glands. FEBS Lett. 1988;231:59–61
  14. Downing D, Stewart M, Wertz P, Strauss J. Essential fatty acids and acne. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1986;14:221–225
  15. Katsuda Y, Iida T, Inomata S, Denda M. Unsaturated fatty acids induce calcium influx into keratinocytes and cause abnormal differentiation of epidermis. J Invest Dermatol. 2005;124:1008–1013
  16. Nicolaides N. Skin lipids: their biochemical uniqueness. Science. 1974;186:19–26
  17. Shalita A. Genesis of free fatty acids. J Invest Dermatol. 1974;62:332–335
  18. Maeda T. Electrons microscopic study of experimentally-induced comedo effects of vitamin A acid on comedo formation. J Dermatol. 1991;18:397–407
  19. Stewart M, Grahek M, Cambier L, Wertz P, Downing D. Dilutional effect of increased sebaceous gland activity on the proportion of linoleic acid in sebaceous wax esters in epidermal acylceramides. J Invest Dermatol. 1986;87:733–736
  20. Ge L, Gordon J, Hsuan C, Stenn K, Prouty S. Identification of the D-6 desaturase of human sebaceous glands: expression and enzyme activity. J Invest Dermatol. 2003;120:707–714
  21. Cordain L, Lindeberg S, Hurtado M, Hill K, Eaton B, Brand-Miller B. Acne vulgaris – a disease of Western civilization. Arch Dermatol. 2002;138:1584–1590
  22. Brand-Miller J, Thomas M, Swan V, Ahmad Z, Petocz P, Colagiuri S. Physiological validation of the concept of glycemic load in lean young adults. J Nutr. 2003;133:2728–2732
  23. Smith R, Mann N, Braue A, Mäkeläinen H, Varigos G. The effect of a high protein, low glycemic load diet versus a conventional, high glycemic load diet on biochemical parameters associated with acne vulgaris. A randomized, investigator-masked, controlled trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;57:247–256
  24. Smith RN, Mann NJ, Braue A, Mäkeläinen H, Varigos GA. A low-glycemic-diet improves symptoms in acne vulgaris patients: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86:107–115
  25. Nordstrom K, Schmus H, McGinley K, Leyden J. Measurement of sebum output using a lipid absorbent tape. J Invest Dermatol. 1986;87:260–263
  26. Martin A, Lookingbill D, Botek A, Light J, Thiboutot D, Girman C. Health-related quality of life among patients with facial acne – assessment of a new acne-specific questionnaire. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2001;26:380–385
  27. Doran T, Baff R, Jacobs P, Pacia E. Characterization of human sebaceous cells in vitro. J Invest Dermatol. 1991;96:341–348
  28. Sinclair A, O’Dea K, Dunstan G, Ireland P, Niall M. Effects on plasma lipids and fatty acid composition of very low fat diets enriched with fish or kangaroo meat. Lipid. 1987;22:523–529
  29. Strauss J, Pochi P. The quantitative gravimetric determination of sebum production. J Invest Dermatol. 1961;36:293–298
  30. Strauss J, Kligman A, Pochi P. The effect of androgens and estrogens on human sebaceous glands. J Invest Dermatol. 1962;39:139–155
  31. Farrell L, Strauss J, Stranieri A. The treatment of severe cystic acne with 13-cis-retinoic acid. Evaluation of sebum production and the clinical response in a multiple-dose trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1980;3:602–611
  32. Stewart M. Sebaceous gland lipids. Sem. Dermatol. 1992;11:100–105
  33. Zheng Y, Eilertsen K, Ge L, Zhang L, Sundberg J, Prouty S, et al. Scd1 is expressed in sebaceous glands and is disrupted in the asebia mouse. Nat Genet. 1999;23:268–270
  34. Perisho K, Wetz PW, Madison KC, Stewart ME, Downing DT. Fatty acids of acylceramides from comedomes and from the skin surface of acne patients and control subjects. J Invest Dermatol. 1988;90:350–353
  35. Sansome-Bassano G, Cummings B, Seeler A, Reisner R. Differences in the lipid constituents of sebum from pre-pubertal and pubertal subjects. Br J Dermatol. 1980;103:131–137
  36. Downie M, Guy R, Kealey T. Advances in sebaceous gland research: potential new approaches to acne management. Int J Cos Sci. 2004;26:291–311
  37. Downie M, Kealey T. Human sebaceous glands engage in aerobic glycolysis and glutaminolysis. Br J Dermatol. 2004;151:320–327
  38. Downie M, Kealey T. Lipogenesis in the human sebaceous gland:glycogen and glycerophosphate are substrates for the synthesis of sebum lipids. J Invest Dermatol. 1998;111:199–205
  39. Im M, Hoopes J. Enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in normal human sebaceous glands. J Invest Dermatol. 1974;62:153–160
  40. Brand-Miller J, Holt S, Pawlak D, McMillan J. Glycemic index and obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76(suppl 2):281S–285S
  41. Kiens B, Richter E. Types of carbohydrate in an ordinary diet affect insulin action and muscle substrates in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996;63:47–53
  42. Tsai M, Chen W, Cheng Y, Wang C, Chen G, Hsu T. Higher body mass index is a significant risk factor for acne formation in schoolchildren. Eur J Dermatol. 2006;16:251–253
  43. Spieth L, Harnish J, Lenders C, Raezer L, Pereira M, Hangen J, et al. A low glycemic index diet in the treatment of pediatric obesity. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2000;154:947–951
  44. Ebbeling C, Leidig M, Sinclair K, Hangen J, Ludwig D. A reduced-glycemic load diet in the treatment of adolescent obesity. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2003;157:773–779
  45. Draelos Z. The effect of a daily facial cleanser for normal to oily skin on the skin barrier of subjects with acne. Cutis. 2006;78(Suppl. 1):34–40
  46. Foster-Powell K, Holt S, Brand-Miller J. International table of glycemic index and glycemic load values. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76:5–56
  47. The Glycemic Index and GI database is produced by Sydney University and is available at http://www.glycemicindex.com (accessed 2003).

 This study was funded by a research grant from Meat and Livestock Australia. The corresponding author receives a postgraduate scholarship from MINTRAC (National Meat Industry Training Council of Australia). The remaining authors have no potential conflict of interest. This study was the responsibility of the investigators. MLA had no role in data collection, data analysis, data interpretation or submission of this paper for publication.

PII: S0923-1811(07)00363-5

doi: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2007.11.005

« Back Journal of Dermatological Science

Article in Press