This paper is only available as a PDF. To read, Please Download here.
Abstract
The production of IgE is mainly regulated by cognate and/or non-cognate interaction
between B cells and T cells. Two types of helper T cells are recognized in the murine
system, Th1 and Th2, by the type of cytokine they produce. Several lines of evidence
disclosed that unbalanced generation of ![Math Eq]()
cells occurs in atopic disorders, such as atopic dermatitis, in which a high level
of serum IgE is found in the majority of patients. Analysis of skin-derived immunocompetent
cells, such as Langerhans cells and T cells, has provided us with a new understanding
of the pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis. The recent progress in immunological
aspects of atopic dermatitis is reviewed.
cells occurs in atopic disorders, such as atopic dermatitis, in which a high level
of serum IgE is found in the majority of patients. Analysis of skin-derived immunocompetent
cells, such as Langerhans cells and T cells, has provided us with a new understanding
of the pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis. The recent progress in immunological
aspects of atopic dermatitis is reviewed.Keywords
To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to Journal of Dermatological ScienceAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- Atopic dermatitis.J Am Acad Dermatol. 1982; 6: 1-13
- Incidence of eczema in early childhood.Br J Dermatol. 1956; 68: 182-183
- Atopic dermatitis.in: Kukita A Sano H Seiji M Yamamura Y Gendai Hifukagaku Taikei 13. Nakayama-Shoten, Tokyo1980: 89-119 (Japanese)
- Atopic dermatitis.in: Champion RH Burton JL Ebling FJG Textbook of Dermatology. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford1992: 589-610
- Preventive allergy. Genetics of IgE-mediated diseases.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1986; 78: 962-968
- Atopic dermatitis.in: Yoshida H Tsuda S Cutaneous infiltration of eosinophil and the related properties. Rinsyou-Iyaku-Kenkyu-Kyokai, Tokyo1991: 132-150 (Japanese)
- Soluble interleukin 2 receptors are released from activated human lymphoid cells in vitro.J Immunol. 1985; 137: 3172-3177
- The released interleukin 2 receptor binds interleukin 2 efficiently.J Immunol. 1986; 137: 3841-3844
- A current perspective on the role of eosinophils in dermatologic diseases.J Am Acad Dermatol. 1991; 24: 1101-1112
- Soluble interleukin 2 receptor in atopic eczema.Br Med J. 1989; 298: 1426-1428
- Serum levels of soluble IL-2 receptor, IL-4, and IgE-binding factors in childhood allergic diseases.Clin Exp Immunol. 1991; 85: 288-292
- Eosinophil cationic protein in sera of patients with atopic dermatitis.J Am Acad Dermatol. 1991; 24: 555-558
- Serum eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) is a sensitive measure for disease activity in atopic dermatitis.Br J Dermatol. 1992; 126: 351-355
- In situ immunotyping of antigen presenting cells and T subsets in atopic dermatitis.Clin Exp Dermatol. 1986; 11: 159-168
- IgE production by normal human B cells induced by alloreactive T cell clones is mediated by IL-4 and suppressed by IFN-γ.J Immunol. 1988; 141: 1218-1224
- Molecular biology of interleukin 4 and interleukin 5 genes and biology of their products that stimulate B cells, T cells, and hemopoietic cells.Immunol Rev. 1988; 102: 137-187
- Human recombinant IL-4 induces Fc receptors (CD23) on normal B lymphocytes.J Exp Med. 1987; 16: 1459-1467
- Phenotypic analysis of CD23+ peripheral blood mononuclear cells in atopic dermatitis.Br J Dermatol. 1991; 125: 543-547
- Fcϵ receptorJ Invest Dermatol. 1990; 95: 592-596
![Math Eq]()
lymphocytes in atopic dermatitis: II. Infiltration of Fcϵ RII(+) T cells in the skin lesion. - Interleukin-4.in: Sporn MB Roberts AB 6th Edn. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Vol. 95/I. Springer-Verlag, Berlin1990: 577-607 (Peptide growth factors and their receptors I)
- Activation and proliferation of normal resting human T lymphocytes in serum-free culture. Role of IL-4 and IL-6.Immunology. 1988; 65: 357-364
- Lymphocytes with immunoglobulin E Fc receptors in atopic patients with atopic dermatitis.J Clin Invest. 1979; 64: 714-720
- Responsiveness to interleukin 4 and interleukin 2 of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in atopic dermatitis.J Invest Dermatol. 1991; 96: 468-472
- The structure of normal skin and the morphology of atopic eczema.J Invest Dermatol. 1976; 67: 305-312
- Interleukin 4 is localized and released by human mast cells.J Exp Med. 1992; 176: 1381-1386
- IL-4 controls the selective endothelium driven transmigration of eosinophils from allergic individuals.J Immunol. 1992; 149: 1432-1438
- Leukocyte and lymphocyte cyclic AMP responses in atopic eczema.J Invest Dermatol. 1968; 68: 203-232
- Heterologous desensitization of leukocytes: A possible mechanism of β-adrenergic blockade in atopic dermatitis.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1981; 68: 218-225
- Elevated leukocyte cyclic AMP-phosphodiesterase in atopic disease: A possible mechanism for cyclic AMP agonist hyporesponsiveness.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1982; 70: 452-457
- Phosphodiesterase and immune dysfunction in atopic dermatitis.J Dermatol Sci. 1990; 1: 1-6
- Phosphodiesterase inhibition by Ro 20-1724. Reduces hyper IgE synthesis by atopic dermatitis cells in vitro.J Invest Dermatol. 1985; 84: 477-482
- Synergistic effects of interleukin 4 and interferon-γ on monocyte phosphodiesterase activity.J Invest Dermatol. 1992; 99: 65-70
- Two types of helper T cell clone. I. Definition according to profiles of lymphokine activities and secreted proteins.J Immunol. 1986; 136: 2348-2357
- The role of IL-10 in crossregulation of Th1 and Th2 responses.Immunol Today. 1991; 12: A49-A53
- Influence of recombinant IL-4, IFN-α, and IFN-γ on the production of human IgE-binding factor (soluble CD23).J Immunol. 1989; 142: 134-138
- Suppression by IL-2 of IgE production by B cells stimulated by IL-4.J Immunol. 1991; 146: 457-462
- Highly purified murine interleukin 5 (IL-5) stimulates eosinophil function and prolongs in vitro survival.J Exp Med. 1988; 167: 1737-1742
- Functional subsets of allergen-reactive human CD4+ T cells.Immunol Today. 1991; 12: 392-395
- Simultaneous production of IL-2, IL-4, and IFN-γ by activated human CD4+ and CD8+ T cell clones.J Immunol. 1988; 141: 849-855
- Clonal analysis of functionally distinct human CD4+ T cell subsets.J Exp Med. 1988; 168: 1659-1673
- Comparison of diversity and function of house dust mite-specific T lymphocytes clones from atopic and non-atopic donors.Eur J Immunol. 1990; 20: 1519-1526
- Evidence for compartmentalization of functional subsets of CD4+ T lymphocytes in atopic patients.J Immunol. 1990; 144: 4651-4656
- IL-4 is an essential factor for the IgE synthesis induced in vitro by human T cell clones and their supernatants.J Immunol. 1988; 140: 4193-4198
- Isolation and characterization of Ni-specific T cell clones from patients with Ni-contact dermatitis.J Immunol. 1985; 135: 3929-3932
- Allergen- and bacterial antigen-specific T cell clones established from atopic donors show a different profile of cytokine production.in: 6th Edn. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 88. 1991: 4538-4542
- Role of interleukins in induction and regulation of human IgE synthesis.Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1989; 50: S13-S23
- Decreased interferon-γ and increased interleukin 4 production in atopic dermatitis promotes IgE synthesis.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1992; 90: 323-331
- Increased interleukin 6 production by T cells derived from patients with atopic dermatitis.J Invest Dermatol. 1993; 100: 299
- Immunoglobulin E and immunoglobulin G subclass distribution in vivo and relationship to in vitro generation of interferon-γ and nepterin in patients with severe atopic dermatitis.Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1988; 87: 120-126
- Altered production of immuno-modulating cytokines in patients with atopic dermatitis.Acta Derm Venereol. 1989; 144 (Suppl): 97-99
- In vitro generation of IFN-γ in relationship to in vivo concentration of IgE and IgG subclasses andActa Derm Venereol. 1989; 144 (Suppl): 127-130
![Math Eq]()
circulating lymphocytes in patients with severe atopic dermatitis (AD). - Cytokine release from cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with severe atopic dermatitis.Acta Derm Venereol. 1989; 69: 497-502
- Production of IL-4, IL-2, IFN-γ, and TNF-α by peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with atopic dermatitis.J Dermatol Sci. 1992; 3: 172-180
- High frequency of IL-4-producing CD4+ allergen-specific T lymphocytes in atopic dermatitis lesional skin.J Invest Dermatol. 1991; 97: 389-394
- House dust mite-specific T cells in the skin of subjects with atopic dermatitis. Frequency and lymphokine profile in the allergen patch test.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1992; 89: 801-810
- Skin-derived aeroallergen-specific T cell clones of Th2 phenotype in patients with atopic dermatitis.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1992; 90: 184-192
- Patch test reaction of Dermatophagoides farinae in atopic dermatitis.Hifu. 1988; 30 (Japanese): 236-240
- Pathogen-induced Th1 phenotype development in CD4+ αβ-transgenic T cells is macrophage dependent.Int Immunol. 1993; 5: 371-382
- Development of Th1 CD4+ T cells through IL-12 produced by Listeria-induced macrophages.Science. 1993; 260: 547-549
- Switch of CD8+ T cells to noncytolytic CD8-CD4-cells that make Th2 cytokines and help B cells.Science. 1993; 260: 1802-1805
- Anti-proliferative effect of IFN-γ in immune regulation I. IFN-γ inhibits the proliferation of Th2 but not Th1 murine helper T lymphocyte clones.J Immunol. 1988; 140: 4245-4252
- Two types of murine helper T cell clone. II. Delayed-type hypersensitivity is mediated by Th1 clones.J Immunol. 1987; 138: 3688-3694
- Protein-antigen specific Ia-restricted cytolytic T cells: analysis of frequency, target cell susceptibility, and mechanism of cytolysis.J Immunol. 1985; 135: 25-33
- A longitudinal study of contact sensitivity in patients with atopic dermatitis. 1989; 125: 366-368
- Cell-mediated and IgE-mediated immune responses in atopic dermatitis. 1989; 125: 413-416
- Monoclonal antibody to murine γ-interferon inhibits lymphokine-induced antiviral and macrophage tumoricidal activities.J Exp Med. 1984; 159: 1560-1565
- Recombinant γ-interferon in treatment of patients with atopic dermatitis and elevated IgE levels.Am J Med. 1990; 88: 365-370
- Recombinant interferon γ-therapy for atopic dermatitis.J Am Acad Dermatol. 1993; 28: 189-197
- Interleukin 2 immunotherapy in children.Pediatrics. 1990; 86: 937-943
- Psoriasis induced at the injection site of recombinant interferon-γ.Arch Dermatol. 1990; 126: 351-355
- Interleukin 2 and psoriasis.Arch Dermatol. 1988; 124: 1811-1815
- The cytokine network in lesional and lesion-free psoriatic skin is characterized by a T-helper type 1 cell-mediated response.J Invest Dermatol. 1993; 101: 701-705
- Langerhans cells in acute and chronic epidermal lesions of atopic dermatitis observed by l-dopa histofluorescence, glycol methacrylate thin section, and electron microscopy.J Invest Dermatol. 1980; 75: 52-60
- Characterization of cellular infiltrates in skin lesions of atopic eczema by means of monoclnal antibodies.Dermatologica. 1984; 169: 330-338
- A study of factor XIIIa and Mac 387 immunolabelling in normal and pathologic skin.Am J Dermatopathol. 1990; 12: 221-233
- The presence of IgE molecules on epidermal Langerhans cells in patients with atopic dermatitis.Arch Dermatol Res. 1986; 278: 199-205
- Allergen presentation by epidermal Langerhans cells from patients with atopic dermatitis is mediated by IgE.Immunology. 1990; 69: 335-341
- IgE-bearing Langerhans cells are not specific to atopic eczema but are found in inflammatory skin diseases.J Am Acad Dermatol. 1991; 24: 658-659
- Induction ofJ Exp Med. 1989; 170: 309-314
![Math Eq]()
on human epidermal Langerhans cells by human recombinant interleukin 4 and γ-interferon. - Epidermal Langerhans cells from normal human skin bind monomeric IgE via FcϵRI.J Exp Med. 1992; 175: 1353-1365
- Hyperstimulatory CD1a+CD1b+CD36+ Langerhans cells are responsible for increased autologous T lymphocyte reactivity to lesional epidermal cells of patients with atopic dermatitis.J Immunol. 1991; 147: 3794-3802
- Delayed antigen presentation by epidermal Langerhans cells to cloned Th1 and Th2 cells.J Invest Dermatol. 1990; 95: 446-449
- Ultraviolet B-irradiated antigen presenting cells display altered accessory signaling for T cell activation: Relevance to immune responses initiated in skin.J Invest Dermatol. 1992; 98: 66S-69S
- Th2 cells mediate IL-4-dependent local tissue inflammation.J Immunol. 1993; 150: 5576-5584
lymphocytes in atopic dermatitis: II. Infiltration of Fcϵ RII(+) T cells in the skin lesion.
circulating lymphocytes in patients with severe atopic dermatitis (AD).
on human epidermal Langerhans cells by human recombinant interleukin 4 and γ-interferon.Article info
Publication history
Accepted:
December 24,
1993
Received in revised form:
December 6,
1993
Received:
August 31,
1993
Identification
Copyright
© 1994 Published by Elsevier Inc.
