Abstract
Background
Evidence suggests anti-inflammatory effects of glucosamine (GS) on inflammatory diseases.
COX-2 is an enzyme to produce prostaglandins. MMPs are the family of matrix metalloproteinases
degradable of ECM. Excess expression of COX-2 or MMPs involves in skin inflammation.
Objective
We evaluated whether GS–HCl modulates expression of COX-2 and/or MMPs by IL-1β or
PMA in human skin fibroblasts (HSF) or keratinocytes (HaCaT).
Methods
HSF or HaCaT cells were exposed to IL-1β or PMA without or with GS–HCl. COX-2 or MMPs
protein and mRNA expression, respectively, were analyzed by Western blot and RT-PCR.
MTS assay was utilized to assess the cytotoxicity of GS–HCl on HSF cells.
Results
In HSF cells, IL-1β treatment induced COX-2 and MMP-13 expressions in association
with activation of ERKs, p38 MAPK, JNKs, and NF-κB. PMA treatment also induced COX-2
and MMP-13 expressions in association with p38 MAPK activation. Of interest, treatment
with GS–HCl (10 mM) led to blockage of p38 MAPK activation, accumulation of 66 kDa COX-2 protein variant (without affecting COX-2 mRNA expression), and transcriptional
down-regulation of MMP-13 in the IL-1β- or PMA-treated HSF cells. Distinctly, pharmacological
inhibition of p38 MAPK with SB203580 was associated with transcriptional down-regulation
of COX-2 and MMP-13 in the IL-1β- or PMA-treated HSF cells. In addition, the GS–HCl-mediated
COX-2 protein modification was observed in both endogenous and PMA-induced COX-2 in
HaCaT cells.
Conclusions
GS–HCl differentially down-regulates COX-2 and MMP-13 expression in the IL-1β- or
PMA-treated human skin fibroblasts via the p38 MAPK-independent COX-2 translational
inhibition and the p38 MAPK-dependent MMP-13 transcriptional suppression, respectively.
Abbreviations:
COX (cyclooxygenase), ECM (extracellular matrix), ERKs (extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases), FBS (fetal bovine serum), GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase), GS (glucosamine), GS-HCl (glucosamine-hydrochloride), HSF (human skin fibroblast), IκB-α (inhibitory κB-alpha), IL-1β (interleukin-1beta), JNKs (c-Jun N-terminal protein kinases), LPS (lipopolysaccharide), MAPKs (mitogen-activated protein kinases), MMPs (matrix metalloproteinases), MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium), NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa B), PG (prostaglandin), PGE2 (prostaglandin E2), PMA (phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate), TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-alpha)Keywords
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Article info
Publication history
Published online: July 12, 2010
Accepted:
June 30,
2009
Received in revised form:
June 24,
2009
Received:
January 14,
2009
Identification
Copyright
© 2009 Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
